consistently inconsistent"—if a character always behaves foolishly it is strange if he suddenly becomes intelligent. In this case it would be good to explain such a change, otherwise the audience may be confused. If character changes opinion a lot it should be clear that he is a character who has this trait, not a real-life person – this is also to avoid confusion.

Hardison, O. B., Jr., "Averroes", in Medieval Literary Criticism: Translations and Interpretations. New York: Ungar (1987), 81–88. Poetics is the theory of structure, form, and discourse within literature, [1] and, in particular, within poetry. [2] History [ edit ] The Mahjar poets are Arab poets in the Americas. The group in South America called themselves al-ʿUs̩bah al-andalusīyah (Ilyas Farhat, Rashid Salim al-Khuri, and Fawzī Maʿlūf). They were less extreme in their views than the more prominent group in North America who called themselves al-Rābit̩ah al-Qalamīyah. Some of the major figures of al-Rābit̩ah were Nasīb ʿArīdah, Mikhāʾīl Nuʿaymah, Iliyyā Abū Mād̩ī, and Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān. The Mahjaris were influenced by Romanticism and American Transcendentalism. Al-Rābit̩ah al-Qalamīyah announced its aims in the writings of Jubrān and more specifically in the manifesto of the group, Mikhāʾīl Nuʿaymah’s Al-Ghirbāl (The Sieve) which was published in 1923. For more on the Mahjar poets, see Paul Starkey, Modern Arabic Literature (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 61–64. Moreh, Shmuel (July 1968b). "Poetry in Prose (al-Shi'r al-Manthūr) in Modern Arabic Literature". Middle Eastern studies. 4 (4): 330–360. doi: 10.1080/00263206808700109. JSTOR 4282260.Heath, Malcolm (1991). "The Universality of Poetry in Aristotle's Poetics". Classical Quarterly. 41 (1991): 389–402. doi: 10.1017/S0009838800004559.

The Symbolist school of poetry, close to Romanticism, was represented in the Arab world by the Lebanese poets Adib Mashar (1889–1928), Yusuf Ghusub (b. 1900) and Said Akl, and also Bishr Faris in Egypt. [50] [45] Ghusub with Akl, both, preached the use of Latin script. [51] The mentioned above Romantic poet Salah Labaki was associated with them, aspecially in his critic works on the French literary theory. [45] Modernism and avant-garde [ edit ] Poetics is distinguished from hermeneutics by its focus not on the meaning of a text, but rather its understanding of how a text's different elements come together and produce certain effects on the reader. [7] Most literary criticism combines poetics and hermeneutics in a single analysis; however, one or the other may predominate given the text and the aims of the one doing the reading. See Mohammad Abdel-Hai, “Shelley and the Arabs: An Essay in Comparative Literature,” Journal of Arabic Literature 3, no. 1 (1972): 72–89.

If a steamer leaves with my friends on sea or land, why should I direct my complaints to the camels? Albers, Yvonne (26 July 2018). "Start, stop, begin again. The journal 'Mawaqif' and Arab intellectual positions since 1968". Eurozine. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17 . Retrieved 2023-06-02. Halliwell, Stephen, The Aesthetics of Mimesis. Ancient Texts and Modern Problems, Princeton/Oxford 2002.

Destrée, Pierre (2016). "Aristotle on the Power of Music in Tragedy". Greek & Roman Musical Studies. 4 (2): 231–252. doi: 10.1163/22129758-12341277. Muḥammad Muṣṭafá Badawi, A Critical Introduction to Modern Arabic Poetry (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 202.

Extract

appropriate—if a character is supposed to be wise, it is unlikely he is young (supposing wisdom is gained with age).

The 10th century Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity features a fictional anecdote of a "prince who strays from his palace during his wedding feast and, drunk, spends the night in a cemetery, confusing a corpse with his bride. The story is used as a gnostic parable of the soul's pre-existence and return from its terrestrial sojourn." [13]

References

Aristotle (1968). Hardison, O.B. (ed.). Poetics. Translated by Golden, Leon. University Press of Florida. Arabic Chrestomathy: selected passages from Arabic prose-writers, with an appendix containing some specimens of ancient Arabic poetry; with a complete glossary (1911)