Proost, Kristel (2006), "Spuren der Kreolisierung im Lexikon des Afrikaans", in Proost, Kristel; Winkler, Edeltraud (eds.), Von Intentionalität zur Bedeutung konventionalisierter Zeichen, Studien zur Deutschen Sprache (in German), Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 9783823362289 , retrieved 3 June 2010 Döhne, J. L. (1857). A Zulu-Kafir Dictionary, Etymologically Explained... Preceded by an Introduction on the Zulu-Kafir Language. Cape Town: Printed at G.J. Pike's Machine Printing Office. p.87.

Greenberg etablerar " Tchadspråken" som en separat gren av de afroasiatiska språken, som därmed består av de likaberättigade grenarna semitiska språk, egyptiska, berberspråk, kushitiska språk och Tchadspråk. (De omotiska språken avskiljs senare från de kushitiska genom arbeten av H. Fleming.) The Niger–Kordofanian language family, joining Niger–Congo with the Kordofanian languages of south-central Sudan, was proposed in the 1950s by Joseph Greenberg. Today, linguists often use "Niger–Congo" to refer to this entire family, including Kordofanian as a subfamily. One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger–Congo. Mande has been claimed to be equally or more divergent. Niger–Congo is generally accepted by linguists, though a few question the inclusion of Mande and Dogon, and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of Ubangian.

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All obstruents at the ends of words are devoiced, so that e.g. a final /d/ is realized as [t]. [104] census result "Administrative Units Population Distribution Report" (PDF). nbs.go.tz. 1 Dec 2022. p8 . Retrieved 25 Jun 2023. Official projection "Projections de la population par région et sexe". Open Data for Africa. 19 Jan 2023 . Retrieved 25 Jun 2023. a b "Afrikaans history and development. The Unique Language of South Africa". Safariafrica.co.za. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2015. David Johnson; Sally Johnson (2002). Gardening with Indigenous Trees. Struik. p.92. ISBN 9781868727759. [ permanent dead link]

a b Pienaar, Antoinette; Otto, Hanti (30 October 2012). "Afrikaans groei, sê sensus (Afrikaans growing according to census)". Beeld. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2013.As phonemes, /iː/ and /uː/ occur only in the words spieël /spiːl/ 'mirror' and koeël /kuːl/ 'bullet', which used to be pronounced with sequences /i.ə/ and /u.ə/, respectively. In other cases, [ iː] and [ uː] occur as allophones of, respectively, /i/ and /u/ before /r/. [95] Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471 , retrieved 29 May 2010 chirurg ('surgeon'; /ʃ/; typically sj is used instead), chemie ('chemistry'; /x/), chitien ('chitin'; /k/). Found only in recent loanwords and in proper nouns John A. Shoup, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East (2011), p. 333, ISBN 1-59884-363-X: "The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group." Gooskens, Charlotte (2007), "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages" (PDF), Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Volume 28, Issue 6 November 2007, University of Groningen, pp.445–467, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022 , retrieved 19 May 2010

Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2003

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Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011 , retrieved 19 May 2010 Main article: Afrikaans phonology A voice recording of Die Stem van Suid-Afrika ('The Voice of South Africa'), the former national anthem, read in poetic form Vowels [ edit ] Monophthong phonemes [93] [94]