Snake Venom Extract Serum Capsule Anti-wrinkle Anti-aging, Fullerene Sheep Placenta Intensive Facial Serum, Skin Brightening Hydrating Firming Lifting (2pcs)

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Also, scientists have demonstrated the anti-ophidian properties of Anacardium occidentale bark extract. The study published in the journal Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology demonstrated the ability of Anacardium occidentale bark extract to neutralise enzymatic as well as pharmacological effects induced by Vipera russelii venom. Anti-defibrinogenatic, anti-edematogenic, anti-PLA 2 activity, anti-necrotic, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-coagulant, lipid peroxidase inhibition, superoxide dismutase activity, antiserum action potentiation, anti-lethality, anti-cardiotoxic, and anti-neurotoxic Snake venom antiserum or AVS has administration problem, the exact dosage is also a current problem. AVS administration is often associated with hypersensitivity reactions (early and late), which need further medical attention. Schumanniophyton magnificum, Aristolochia radix, Diospyros kaki, Alocasia cucullata, Picrasma quassioides, Eclipta prostrata, Curcuma sp., Soja hispida, Diodia scandens, Andrographis paniculata Neuromuscular paralysis leading to respiratory arrest is one of the predominant effects of snakebite envenomings, particularly those caused by species of the family Elapidae, but also by some species of the family Viperidae ( 1, 53). It results from the action of a variety of neurotoxins at the neuromuscular junctions. Post-synaptically acting polypeptides of the three finger toxins (3FTx) family (α-neurotoxins) act by binding with high affinity to the cholinergic nicotinic receptor (AChR) at the motor end-plate of muscle fibers ( 64). Neurotoxicity is also due to the action of PLA 2s at the nerve terminal (β-neurotoxins), by hydrolyzing phospholipids of the plasma membrane, inducing a calcium influx and the consequent alteration of the neurotransmitter exocytotic machinery ( 65). Other types of neurotoxins include the dendrotoxins, present in mamba ( Dendroaspis sp) venom, which are inhibitors of the voltage-dependent potassium channels ( 66). Neurotoxins play a key role in the lethality of snake venoms.

The researchers from Bingham University Nassarawa and Federal Polytechnic, Nasarawa State, investigated the anti-venom activity of Mucuna pruriens leaves extract against cobra snake (Naja hannah) venom. Scientists have also demonstrated the anti-venom potential of aqueous extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica against Daboia russellii (Russell’s viper) venom. The study published in the International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review is titled “Anti-venom Activity of Mucuna pruriens Leaves Extract Against Cobra Snake (Naja hannah) Venom.”For venoms in which β-neurotoxins predominate, a possible in vitro alternative would be the neutralization of PLA 2 enzymatic activity of the purified predominant neurotoxins. Examples are taipoxin in Oxyuranus scutellatus ( 78), β-bungarotoxins in Bungarus sp. ( 79), and crotoxin in Crotalus durissus ( 26) venoms. In the case of venoms such as those of Bungarus sp. and Micrurus sp., which present both α- and β-neurotoxins, the two assays (AChR binding and PLA 2 activity) can be used. In the cases of venoms, such as those of Dendroaspis sp, rich in other types of neurotoxins, i.e. dendrotoxins ( 80), an as yet unexplored possibility would be the use of patch-clamp methods using oocytes expressing relevant receptors, such as voltage-dependent potassium channels ( 81) in the case of dendrotoxins. These, however, require electrophysiology facilities which are not readily available in antivenom quality control laboratories. Hen’s Eggs as A Model for Testing Venom Toxicity and Neutralization by Antivenoms PLA 2 inhibitor and prevention of myofiber breakdown caused by myotoxins I (Asp49) and II (Lys49) of B. asper venom

Myotoxic activity of snake venoms is predominantly due to the direct action of PLA 2s, and PLA 2 homologs, on the plasma membrane of muscle fibers ( 43, 57). However, no correlation between inhibition of PLA 2 activity and of myotoxicity is expected because in many venoms enzymatic phospholipid degradation is mostly due to non-toxic enzymes, as in the case of Bothrops asper which has an acidic PLA 2 with high enzymatic activity but being devoid of myotoxicity ( 58). An alternative is the assessment of cytotoxicity on muscle cell lines, i.e., myoblasts and myotubes of the C2C12 line. Myotubes are good models of mature muscle fibers and are highly susceptible to myotoxic PLA 2s ( 59). The correlation between neutralization by antivenoms of in vivo myotoxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity on myotubes must be studied. Likewise, the assessment of cytotoxicity in cell culture systems could become a surrogate assay for the analysis of dermonecrosis, a clinically significant effect of envenomings by spitting cobras in Africa and Asia ( 1, 53). The myogenic cell line C2C12 was used to assess cytotoxicity by venoms of five species of Naja sp. from Africa and its neutralization by a polyspecific antivenom ( 60), but whether this assay correlates with in vivo dermonecrosis remains to be investigated. A cell culture test using human keratinocytes was developed to study the cytotoxic action of Naja sp. venoms and its neutralization by recombinant antibodies ( 61). Since these venoms induce demonecrosis, this in vitro test could be of value to assess the neutralizing efficacy of antivenoms. Cytotoxicity on kidney cell lines has been used in the analysis of nephrotoxic effects of venoms and toxins ( 62) and must be explored as a surrogate test for assessing antivenom efficacy, although venom-induced nephrotoxicity is of a multifactorial pathogenesis which also involves the effects of hemodynamic alterations ( 63). Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assessment of Neurotoxicity Three relevant studies: First study was an inventory with 77 species of plants belonging to 41 families used by Colombian healers along with the methods of preparation, administration, and dosage; second study was a list of 74 ethanolic plant extracts used by folk medicinethat were active against lethal effects produced by Bothrops atrox venom; third study showed 31 extracts with moderate or high neutralizing abilities against the hemorrhagic effect of B. atrox venomA recent study has scientifically validated the folklore use of Annona senegalensis in the treatment of snakebite by farmers and herdsmen in Northern Nigeria.

The study titled “Effects of aqueous root extract of Annona senegalensis on Bitisarietans venom protease and phospholipase A2 activities” was published in the Journal of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences. Inquiries on the sources of information used in this review can be directed to the corresponding author. Author Contributions Extracts and fractions from Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae) partially neutralized Bothrops jararacussu and Crotalus durissus terrificus venom activities. Hydroalcoholic bark extract from D. alata is active against B. jararacussu venom.The venom of the Temple Viper which Syn-ake is designed to mimic, paralyzes the muscles to weaken their prey. Syn-ake was created to mimic this action by creating a synthetic peptide with the same amino acid sequence as the Waglerin-1 peptide. The Waglerin-1 peptide was identified as the cause of the paralysis in the snake’s venom. By creating a chemically similar structure, the synthetic peptide is able to produce a similar effect. It is thought that the molecule is small enough to penetrate the skin and work on the facial muscles, however, due to how deep these muscles are under the skin, only small amounts of the molecule will get through. This means that Syn-ake’s effects are generally temporary, lasting for about a month and reducing the likelihood of off-target effects. The researchers noted: “The potency of the methanol extract of the root bark of the plant was tested against cobra (Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis Wetch) venom in rats. The extract was also tested on brine shrimp (Artemia saline Leach). Talking about ENTOD's snake venom-based serum, he says venom peptides help to fight against fine lines, wrinkles and crow's feet. Snake venom has a lifting effect on the skin, giving it a tightened, lifted, and smoother appearance, he adds. Review discussing Brazilian plant species displaying neutralizing properties against snake envenomation from an ethnopharmacological perspective Even though antivenomics is not a functional test in terms of neutralization of venom activities, it can shed valuable information for understanding the preclinical efficacy of antivenoms. The relative weight of venom components in the overall toxicity of a venom can be studied by determining the ‘toxicity score’ for each component, which takes into consideration the toxicity of each toxin and its relative abundance in the venom ( 24). Once the most relevant toxins in a venom are identified, the ability of antivenoms to recognize these components can be quantified through antivenomics, hence providing indirect evidence of efficacy of the antivenom.

Keep an eye on:There is a potential hazard for the peptide to travel through the body and have off-target effects on other muscle groups in the body, potentially causing generalized muscle weakness. How Is Venom Used in Medicine? Aqueous extracts from the stem bark of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) inhibited the protease, hyaluronidase, hemorrhagic, fibrinogenolytic, hemolytic, procoagulant, edema, ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase activities produced by D. russelli venom Today, many people depend on injectable neurotoxins to treat wrinkles, pigmentation, skin roughness, laxity and fine lines. Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) inhibited hyaluronidase, Phospholipase A2 (PLA 2), l-amino oxidase (LAAO), and 5′-nucleotidase. Exhibited fibrinogenolytic, edema-inducing, hemorrhagic, indirect hemolytic, coagulant, and myotoxic properties, and protected against venom-toxicity

References

The results revealed that both the hexane and the ethyl acetate fractions showed capability of inhibiting the venom enzymes significantly when compared with the venom controls in varying degrees of efficacies. For the adjuvant effect, no significant effect of the venom at the administered dose was observed on bleeding time, clotting time, defibrinogenating and haemorrhagic effects compared to the normal control. However, the size of necrotic lesion and the percentage haemolysis were significantly higher in the venom control rats. Both the hexane and the ethyl acetate fractions significantly mitigated these effects in the treated animals. The degree of protection was about three folds more than when the antivenin was used alone. The term “natural products” spans an extremely large and diverse range of chemical compounds derived and isolated from biological sources such as plants, minerals, and organic matter. Interest in natural products that have been used for over a thousand years is continuing based on the experience of randomized trials and animal observations. In ancient times, people acquired knowledge on plant use to treat diseases. For example, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and Indian herbal medicine (Ayurvedic) were highly developed in antiquity. China, Japan, Korea, and India still influence modern healthcare [ 32]. In recent years, natural products have experienced a resurgence in drug discovery programs, mainly due to their superior chemical diversity over synthetic compound libraries and their drug-like properties. There are several widely used drugs derived from natural sources, which are available in the form of food supplements, nutraceuticals, and complementary and alternative medicines. In fact, some widely used drugs used to treat certain life-threatening diseases are derived from natural sources, such as paclitaxel and artemisinin, which are used as anticancer and antimalarial agents, respectively [ 38]. Mangifera indica has been used against snakebite by traditional healers. However, there is paucity of scientific data in support. In this study, the scientists evaluated the anti-venom potential of aqueous extract of stem bark of M. indica against D. russellii venom-induced pharmacological effects such as life myotoxicity, edema, LD50 etc. The extract inhibited the phospholipase, protease, hyaluronidase, 5’nucleotidase, ATPase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities with varying IC50 values. It significantly inhibited both metalloproteases and serine proteases activities. Anti-hepatotoxic, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, anti-PLA 2, anti-snake venom, and anti-myotoxic-induced PLA 2.