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Continuous Yb:YAG laser keyhole welding of the pure copper plate to steel 316L sheet is performed for different laser parameters. The laser-generated welding keyhole and weld melted zone are observed by a high-speed camera. The image is treated by MATLAB and simple code is built to calculate the keyhole and melted zone area. This treatment is validated by the actual welding measurements, and the accuracy of the measurements is tested by the confidence interval law. The images obtained of keyhole and melt zone area in dissimilar laser welding are treated and analyzed to study the effect of changing the laser parameters. 1. Introduction
Xue, Z.Q.; Hu, S.S.; Lee, D.K. Molten pool characterization of laser lap welded copper and aluminum. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2013, 46, 495501. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Rai, R.; Elmer, J.W.; Palmer, T.A.; DebRoy, T. Heat transfer and fluid flow during keyhole mode laser welding of tantalum, Ti-6AI-4V, 304L stainless and vanadium. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2007, 40, 5753–5766. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]If you are a person who avoids complex installations, then you can consider a device that has a long cell life. There are many applications for the dissimilar copper/stainless steel welding like the chemical industries, power generation, electric, electronic, and cryogenics. It is very useful in the case of resulting hybrid products which merge the excellent electric and thermal conductivity of copper with essential weight and cost saving [ 4].
Iseav, V.I.; Cherepanov, A.N.; Shapeev, V.P. Numerical study of heat models of laser welding of dissimilar metals with an intermediate insert. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. 2016, 99, 711–720. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]It is evident from Figure 16 that as the travel speed increases, the recoil pressure on the copper front wall keyhole surface ( P r.c) becomes higher than the recoil pressure on the steel front wall surface ( P r.s). Because the interaction time between laser and front keyhole surface decreases with increasing laser travel speed, this, therefore, suggests that the recoil pressure has a dynamic magnitude depending on the rate of heat transfer of the metal. This is often expressed in terms of “thermal conductivity.” The thermal conductivity of copper (401 W/m °C) is very high compared with steel 316 L (16.3 W/m °C), and this may explain why the keyhole elongated more in the direction of the copper front wall. Cho, J.H.; Na, S.J. Implementation of real-time multiple reflection and Fresnel absorption of laser beam in keyhole. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2006, 39, 5372–5378. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] These calculations indicate that the surface tension pressure for copper ( P s.c) is less than that for steel ( P s.s), which may be the direct reason for the elongation of the rear keyhole surface towards the copper more than the steel as this force is responsible for the keyhole curvature closing. 5.2. Effect of Welding Speed Cui, L.; Chen, B.X.; Qian, W. Microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar Al/Steel butt joints produced by autogenous laser keyhole welding. Metals 2017, 7, 492. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Li, S.C.; Chen, G.Y.; Katayama, S.J. Relation between spatter formation and dynamic molten pool during high-power deep-penetration laser welding. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2014, 303, 481–488. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
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Esfahani, N.M.R.; Coupland, J.; Marimuthu, S. Numerical simulation of alloy composition in dissimilar laser welding. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2015, 224, 135–142. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Battery Powered:Lights need the power to work properly. The source of power can be the electricity of your home from wires or built-in batteries. If you are easy to install the wires with the lamp, then you can consider any device that gets power directly from home electric wires this will assist you to rid of charging the lamp again and again. In this paper, a deep learning based on processing the monitoring system by a high-speed camera and MATLAB image processing was proposed for laser welding [ 22]. For 2 m/min, 2.5 m/min (left), and 3 m/min (right), where f s and r s are the front and rear keyhole walls for steel, respectively. The copper front keyhole wall is f c and the copper rear keyhole wall is r c. 5.3. Effect of Laser Shift
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