San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Italy, destroyed in 1944 by the most recent eruption of Mount Vesuvius during the Allies' occupation of southern Italy (rebuilt) Ancient Precambrian basalts are usually only found in fold and thrust belts, and are often heavily metamorphosed. These are known as greenstone belts, [92] [93] because low-grade metamorphism of basalt produces chlorite, actinolite, epidote and other green minerals. [94] Other bodies in the Solar System The silica component dominates the physical behavior of silicate magmas. Silicon ions in lava strongly bind to four oxygen ions in a tetrahedral arrangement. If an oxygen ion is bound to two silicon ions in the melt, it is described as a bridging oxygen, and lava with many clumps or chains of silicon ions connected by bridging oxygen ions is described as partially polymerized. Aluminium in combination with alkali metal oxides (sodium and potassium) also tends to polymerize the lava. [10] Other cations, such as ferrous iron, calcium, and magnesium, bond much more weakly to oxygen and reduce the tendency to polymerize. [11] Partial polymerization makes the lava viscous, so lava high in silica is much more viscous than lava low in silica. [10]

Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC Rock types - The Earth and atmosphere - KS3 Chemistry - BBC

As well as forming large parts of the Earth's crust, basalt also occurs in other parts of the Solar System. Basalt commonly erupts on Io (the third largest moon of Jupiter), [95] and has also formed on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and the asteroid Vesta. Tourist attractions of Albay Province, Philippines". Nscb.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2016-09-21 . Retrieved 2013-12-08. McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). Igneous petrology. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. ISBN 978-0-19-857810-9. Unsworth, M. J.; etal. (2005). "Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data". Nature. 438 (7064): 78–81. Bibcode: 2005Natur.438...78U. doi: 10.1038/nature04154. PMID 16267552. S2CID 4359642.E-MORB, enriched MORB, is relatively undepleted in incompatible elements. E-MORB was once thought to be typical of hot spots along mid-ocean ridges, such as Iceland, but is now known to be present in many locations along mid-ocean ridges. [40]

Volcanic rock - Wikipedia Volcanic rock - Wikipedia

The word lava comes from Italian and is probably derived from the Latin word labes, which means a fall or slide. [2] [3] An early use of the word in connection with extrusion of magma from below the surface is found in a short account of the 1737 eruption of Vesuvius, written by Francesco Serao, who described "a flow of fiery lava" as an analogy to the flow of water and mud down the flanks of the volcano (a lahar) after heavy rain. [4] [5] Properties of lava Composition Pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lava flows side by side in Hawaii, September 2007

Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at mid-ocean ridges. It also causes volcanism in intraplate regions, such as Europe, Africa and the Pacific sea floor. There, it is variously attributed either to the rise of mantle plumes (the "Plume hypothesis") or to intraplate extension (the "Plate hypothesis"). [40] Effects of water and carbon dioxide Levin, Harold L. (2010). The earth through time (9thed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0. a b Sonder, I; Zimanowski, B; Büttner, R (2006). "Non-Newtonian viscosity of basaltic magma". Geophysical Research Letters. 330 (2): L02303. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..33.2303S. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024240. Pāhoehoe (also spelled pahoehoe, from Hawaiian [paːˈhoweˈhowe] [60] meaning "smooth, unbroken lava") is basaltic lava that has a smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface. These surface features are due to the movement of very fluid lava under a congealing surface crust. The Hawaiian word was introduced as a technical term in geology by Clarence Dutton. [53] [54]